National Nanotechnology Initiative

Welcome to National Nanotechnology Initiative.  The National Nanotechnology Initiative is a United States federal nanoscale science, engineering, and technology research and development program. Initiative participants (cited below) state that its four goals are to… 1. advance a world-class nanotechnology research and development (R&D) program; 2. foster the transfer of new technologies into products for commercial and public benefit; 3. develop and sustain educational resources, a skilled workforce, and the supporting infrastructure and tools to advance nanotechnology; and 4. support responsible development of nanotechnology.

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We have been following advances in Nanotechnology for several years. One neat way is to set up a “Google Alert” for the keyword “nanotechnology”. Then, daily (if you want it daily) you will receive special reports that mention nanotechnology – right into your email inbox. It’s a great way to keep abreast of nano-happenings…

National Nanotechnology Initiative attempts to provide important nanotechnology information, with miscellaneous reports on the United States’ effort to promote the development of nanotechnology – with resource nanotechnology videos, nanotechnology articles, and general conversations about nanotech in general.

Thank you for visiting National Nanotechnology Initiative.          

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Why Global Government Is Inevitable

According to the bible, in the last days, a unified global government will rule the world. The head of this global government, the Antichrist, is one of the more infamous figures in human history, and not a single individual on the face of the earth will lie outside of his jurisdiction:

”And he was given authority to rule over every tribe and people and language and nation.” Revelation 13:7 (NLT)

This global government will emerge in our generation because current technological trends will soon make it inevitable. The catalyst for this consolidation of global political power will be the development of molecular manufacturing (MM), a revolutionary technology of unprecedented capability and strength. It’s a technology that could arrive as soon as tomorrow and almost certainly will arrive within the next decade.

Molecular Manufacturing and Geopolitical Instability

International relations since World War II have largely been shaped by the existence of nuclear weapons. Likewise, the era to come will largely be shaped by the existence of molecular manufacturing. The development of MM will have a much more significant impact than the development of atomic weapons, and the stakes will be much higher. This is because world domination could easily be achieved with the creation of molecular manufacturing.

MM is the ability to manufacture products from the bottom up, one molecule at a time, with atomic precision. The development of MM will lead to the creation of the personal nanofactory, a desktop appliance capable of creating everyday products from basic feedstock (molecules). The consequences of such a technology are so profound, they are probably beyond the ability of a single individual to comprehend.

Since a nanofactory is capable of self-replication, the first could manufacture a duplicate copy of itself. Those two then become four, become eight, and so on. As a result, this compounding capital base could create a massive and decisive military force within days. As Dr. K. Eric Drexler described in his book, Engines of Creation, “a state that makes the assembler breakthrough could rapidly create a decisive military force – if not literally overnight, then at least with unprecedented speed.”

The Circumvention of MAD

Since the Soviet Union emerged as the world’s second nuclear power in 1949, international stability has been built on the concept of Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD). The prospect of MAD has successfully prevented the eruption of World War III by making a potential military conflict between nuclear powers equally undesirable to each party involved. This has led many to believe that victory in such a conflict is unattainable. With current technology, this assumption is probably correct. However, once molecular manufacturing emerges, this will no longer be true. A MM-enabled power could easily circumvent MAD.

A nation in possession of nanofactories is capable of rapidly manufacturing and deploying billions of microscopic/macroscopic machines at relatively little cost. These machines could comb the oceans for enemy submarines and quickly disable the nuclear arsenals they carry. Similar acts of sabotage could be carried out simultaneously against land-based nuclear facilities and conventional military forces in a matter of hours, if not minutes. Rendering its enemies utterly defenseless, the MM-enabled nation could conquer at will without fear of nuclear retaliation.

The Race Toward Molecular Manufacturing

The development of molecular manufacturing opens the door for its initial user to completely dominate world affairs. A nation equipped with contemporary technology attempting to defend itself against a MM-enabled nation is akin to a small band of cavemen armed with rocks and spears attempting to overpower a modern day army.Given the stakes involved, it’s reasonable to believe multiple nations are currently in pursuit of a molecular manufacturing capability – just as Germany, Japan, and the United States covertly and simultaneously pursued the creation of an atomic bomb.

If Germany had been the first to succeed in the development of atomic weaponry, it’s almost certain that Hitler would’ve used this advantage to drive the Allied Forces from the European Continent, perhaps totally defeating the United States in the process. In contrast, the United States, as the world’s first nuclear power, could’ve used its position to prevent rival nations from acquiring the same capability. In fact, the United States could’ve used its position to create an impregnable world empire.

In similar fashion, the leading MM-enabled nation can create its own empire if it uses its initial advantage to prevent competing nation states from developing a molecular manufacturing capability of their own. However, in all probability, this is not just one of several options, but the only option. Unlike, the nuclear era, the prospect of MM proliferation is simply intolerable.

This is because of the inherent instability of an arms race between competing MM-enabled nation states. This nightmarish prospect is identified by The Center for Responsible Nanotechnology as one of the foremost dangers posed by molecular manufacturing:

”The nuclear arms race was stable for several reasons. In virtually every way, the nano-arms race will be the opposite. Nuclear weapons are hard to design, hard to build, require easily monitored testing, do indiscriminate and lasting damage, do not rapidly become obsolete, have almost no peaceful use, and are universally abhorred. Nano capability will be easy to build (given a nanofactory), will allow easily concealable testing, will be relatively easy to control and deactivate, would become obsolete very rapidly, almost every design is dual-use, and peaceful and non-lethal (police) use will be common. Nukes are easier to stockpile than to use; nano weapons are the opposite.”

CRN also agrees that a molecular manufacturing monopoly will be an attractive policy option for the nation that first develops molecular manufacturing:

”Each nation will see only a few possibilities: 1) an arms race that will probably be unwinnable since it will develop into a disastrous war; 2) developing ahead of everyone else and establishing dominance; 3) some other nation developing earlier and establishing dominance; 4) international cooperation and trust sufficient to ensure safety; 5) a multinational organization willing and able to keep the peace.”

”Option 1 is undesirable; Option 3 is probably unthinkable for any of the current large powers; Option 5 is probably unacceptable to the U.S., as the world’s sole superpower; Option 4 may be seen as unfeasible. Only one nation can succeed at Option 2. This implies that a preemptive strike option (whether military attack, or sabotage or derailment of nanotech development efforts) will appear very attractive to a number of powerful nations.”

If Option 4 were feasible, then we would have world peace now. Option 5 is only feasible if the multinational organization in question is given sufficient authority and military power to disarm and regulate the nations of the world. By definition, this would be a global government.

So, essentially, once molecular manufacturing is developed, the developing nation has two options:

1) Conquer competing nations so as to prevent them from constructing a rival MM capability.

2) Given the available options, it should come as no surprise that world domination will win out.

The Inevitability of Global Government

Once the leading MM-enabled power uses its advantage to destroy the potential molecular manufacturing capability of suspected rivals, it will then face a much tougher decision: how to go about governing the world. The leading nation will need to institute some form of a global regulatory body to insure that molecular manufacturing does not fall into the wrong hands. Only two choices seem viable:

1) Federalism – a centralized governing authority that oversees the entire world population.

2) Confederation – a loosely associated collection of states who work together to administer world government.

Option 2 would still require a leading authority to maintain a monopoly on molecular manufacturing and extinguish any attempts to create a rival power – whether that power be a nation, a group, or an individual. As a result, both options inevitably lead to a centralized global government – a global government that must maintain constant vigilance toward the possible threat of an emerging power.

Why All This Is Relevant

Okay, so global government is imminent and inevitable. What’s the big deal, you ask? The reason this is such a big deal is revealed in the bible. Centuries ago, the bible predicted that a global government would arise in the last days, just prior to . And this global government will only appear on the world scene in parallel with the Antichrist, so we can’t speculate that it will exist for an undetermined time period before he appears:

”His ten horns are ten kings who have not yet risen to power; they will be appointed to their kingdoms for one brief moment to reign with the beast. They will all agree to give their power and authority to him.” Revelation 17:12-13 (NLT)

Global government comes about as a direct result of ten kings freely providing their power and authority to a centralized global government. The establishment of this global government, and the rise of the Antichrist to administer it, is a monumental sign which heralds the soon return of Jesus Christ to establish His Kingdom on Earth.

The apostle Paul cited the appearance of the Antichrist as a necessary precondition for the “day of the Lord”:

”Now, dear brothers and sisters, let us clarify some things about the coming of our Lord Jesus Christ and how we will be gathered to meet him. Don’t be so easily shaken or alarmed by those who say that the day of the Lord has already begun. Don’t believe them, even if they claim to have had a spiritual vision, a revelation, or a letter supposedly from us. Don’t be fooled by what they say. For that day will not come until there is a great rebellion against God and the man of lawlessness is revealed – the one who brings destruction.” 2 Thessalonians 2:1-3 (NLT)

Conclusion

Although the “day of the Lord” (i.e., the glorious appearing of Jesus Christ) will not occur until the man of lawlessness (the Antichrist) is revealed, the same is not true for the rapture of the church, an imminent event which can occur at any moment. The short timeframe for the development of molecular manufacturing and the inevitable global government that will follow it reveal that the “day of the Lord” is close at hand.

Since the bible reveals that the rapture of the church will occur at least seven years before the glorious appearing, we can be certain that the rapture is even closer. In fact, just like molecular manufacturing, the rapture is imminent. Therefore, as good servants of Jesus Christ, we should be ever watchful, faithfully tending to our duties here on earth. For our Lord will return at a moment when He’s least expected, and that moment will occur in our generation.

May He find us abundant with joy and overflowing with the Holy Spirit when He returns.

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EOR Enhanced Oil Recovery Worldwide

Enhanced oil recovery (EOR), also referred to as improved oil recovery or tertiary oil recovery, is most often achieved by injecting a liquid or gas into an oil reservoir, thereby lowering oil viscosity and increasing the amount of oil available for production. Some of the more common EOR methods include CO2-EOR, thermal EOR and chemical EOR. Microbial EOR and seismic EOR also hold a strong niche in the EOR market. While only about 10% – 30% of oil is typically extracted by conventional oil production processes, EOR methods can enhance these recovery rates by an additional 5% to 20%, on a conservative average.
The global market for EOR, estimated at nearly $62.5 billion (for barrels of crude oil) for 2009, has shown exciting growth since 2005, when it totaled $3.1 billion. Technological challenges, hazy regulations, and costly implementation have often kept oil companies from using EOR. However, EOR is quickly becoming more feasible, due to rising government interest and investment, new technologies, and increased availability of required materials (such as CO2). It is expected EOR will continue to perform extremely well in the world marketplace.
The world’s governments’ interest in EOR has been fueled by a number of factors, the most obvious being an increase in oil production. Besides increasing oil revenue, countries that are able to increase their oil production are often lowering their increase in demand for oil imports. There is also much anticipation regarding the use of CO2-EOR to sequester CO2 permanently in the ground. It is estimated 130 billion tons of CO2 worldwide could potentially be captured through the use of CO2-EOR, which would help to reduce industrial emissions, and in turn reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Some governments are also taking note that EOR has the potential to propel substantial economic growth. In Texas, where EOR now accounts for 20% of its oil production, it is estimated the benefits of EOR production will result in additional revenue of $200 billion and will create 1.5 million jobs.
Many of the world’s oil fields have experienced or are experiencing a decline in oil production; using EOR has the potential to reverse this downward trend. Oman’s historical oil production reflects this; between 2001 and 2007 its oil production fell by 27%, but by 2009, due mostly to EOR projects, oil production increased by 17%.
EOR Enhanced Oil Recovery Worldwide contains comprehensive historical (2005-2009) and forecast (2010-2015) data; plus EOR’s share of overall standard oil production, market size in terms of barrels of oil, and dollar value. This report identifies key trends, regulations, new technologies, economic factors, environmental factors, and industry hurdles affecting the direction and size of market growth, and discusses market size and growth in various countries. Profiles of major – or simply interesting – companies using EOR are also included.
Report Methodology

The information in EOR Enhanced Oil Recovery Worldwide is based on data from government agencies, such as the U.S. Census Bureau, U.S. Department of Energy, and the Central Intelligence Agency; trade associations; business, science and law journals; company literature and websites; interviews with key individuals; and from research services and institutes from around the world.
How You Will Benefit from This Report

EOR Enhanced Oil Recovery Worldwide details significant trends, numbers, and technologies for a clear overview of the complex EOR market.
This report will help:
• Managers identify market opportunities and develop implementation plans for EOR.
• Research and development professionals stay on top of competitor initiatives, and to explore the ups and downs associated with EOR projects.
• Advertising agencies working with clients in the oil and energy industries to help design appropriate messages and images for the EOR market.
• Business development executives understand the dynamics of the market and identify possible partnerships.
• Information and research center librarians access vital information.

Table Of Contents
Chapter 1: Executive Summary
Market Scope
Report Methodology
EOR Overview and Regulation
Conventional Oil Recovery Leaves 70% of Oil in Reservoir
EOR Regulations Still in Early Stage of Development
Market Size and Growth
Figure 1-1: Total EOR Market Value Worldwide, 2005-2009 (in billion $)
EOR Share of Total Oil Market About 3.3%
Figure 1-2: EOR Share of Total Oil Market Dollars, 2009 (in %)
EOR Market Value Projected to Reach $1.3 Trillion by 2015
Figure 1-3: EOR Projected Growth Worldwide, in Dollar Value, 2009-2015 (in million $)
EOR Around the World
Saudi Arabia To Use CO2-EOR in World’s Largest Oil Field
Canada’s Alberta Oil Fields Especially Suited for CO2-EOR
Industry Advantages and Hurdles
The Price of Oil Has Reigns on EOR Market
Alternative Fuel Sources Become More Available
Funding for EOR R&D Fueling Market Growth
Not All EOR Methods Suitable for All Oil Fields
Current Technological Advances
Industrial Emissions of CO2 for EOR: Gasification Technology
Brightwater® Reservoir Sweep Efficiency Technology
Saudi Aramco Creating Microscopic Robots for EOR Monitoring
Environmental Factors and Impact
Carbon Capture Storage and Reducing Greenhouse Gases
Environmentalists May Stifle EOR Progress
Abbreviations
Table 1-1: Abbreviations Utilized in This Report

Chapter 2: EOR Overview and Regulation
Definition of EOR
Conventional Oil Recovery Leaves 70% Oil in Reservoir
The Beginnings of EOR
Phases of Oil Recovery
Primary Recovery
Secondary Recovery
Tertiary Recovery
Three Main Methods of EOR
Other Methods of EOR
EOR Regulations Still in Early Stage of Development
Increased Regulation and Market Growth Go Hand In Hand
The Kyoto Protocol
Carbon Emissions Trading Market
Clean Development Mechanism
Joint Implementation
The United Nations Climate Change Conference in Copenhagen
OPEC Aims to Coordinate and Unify Policies Among Countries
Fragmented Land Ownership Can be A Nightmare

Chapter 3: Market Size and Growth
Total Oil Production Value Reached Nearly $1.9 Trillion in 2009
Figure 3-1: Dollar Value of Total Worldwide Oil Production, 2005-2009 (in trillion $)
Total Oil Production Jumps in 2008
Figure 3-2: Value of Total Worldwide Oil Production, in Barrels, 2005-2009 (in barrels)
EOR Dollars Reach Nearly $62.5 Billion in 2009
Figure 3-3: Total EOR Market Value Worldwide, 2005-2009 (in billion $)
EOR Production Worldwide Nears 1.4 Billion Barrels in 2009
Figure 3-4: Total EOR Production Worldwide, in Barrels, 2005-2009 (in barrels)
EOR Growth Compared to Total Oil Growth
Figure 3-5: EOR Production Growth Compared to Total Oil Production Growth Worldwide, in Dollars, 2005-2009 (by % change)
EOR Share of Total Oil Market About 3.3%
Figure 3-6: EOR Share of Total Oil Market Dollars, 2009 (in %)
EOR Share of Global Oil Output, by Method
Figure 3-7: Share of Global EOR Output, by Method, 2009 (in barrels)
Worldwide Oil Production Projected to Continue Small Climb
Figure 3-8: Projected Total Oil Production Worldwide, in Barrels, 2009-2015 (in billion barrels)
Projected Worldwide Growth for EOR Monumental
Figure 3-9: Projected EOR Production Worldwide, in Barrels, 2009-2015 (in billion barrels)
EOR Market Value Projected to Reach $1.3 Trillion by 2015
Figure 3-10: EOR Projected Growth Worldwide, in Dollar Value, 2009-2015 (in million $)
EOR Projected Growth, in Three Scenarios
Figure 3-11: EOR Projected Growth Based on Oil Price per Barrel, Three Scenarios, 2009-2015 (in million $)
Table 3-1: EOR Projected Market Value in Dollars Based on Oil Price per Barrel, in Three Scenarios, 2010-2015 (in billions)
High Gas Prices Increase R & D Funding and Propel EOR Market
Figure 3-12: EOR Projected Market Growth, as Influenced by Potential Revenue for the Oil Industry Based on The Price of Oil, In Three Scenarios, 2009-2015 (barrels, in billions)
Table 3-2: EOR Market Growth, as Influenced by Potential Revenue for the Oil Industry, Based on The Price of Oil, 2009-2015 (percent growth in dollars)
EOR’s Share Will Comprise One-third of Total Oil Market by 2015
Figure 3-13: Projected EOR Market Share Worldwide, 2015 (in barrels)
Figure 3-14: Projected EOR Market Share Worldwide, Considering Low Oil Price Scenario, 2015 (in barrels)
Figure 3-15: Projected EOR Market Share Worldwide, Considering High Oil Price Scenario, 2015 (in barrels)
EOR Share Worldwide
Figure 3-16: EOR Share Worldwide, by Country, 2009 (in barrels)
Figure 3-17: EOR Production Worldwide, by Country, 2009 (in barrels)
Countries New to EOR Change Market Share Dramatically
Figure 3-18: Projected EOR Worldwide Market Share of Production in Barrels, by Country, 2015 (in %)
Table 3-3: Projected EOR Worldwide Market Share in Production of Barrels by Country, with Percent Change, 2009-2015 (in %)
OR Has Potential to Increase Global Oil Recovery by 18.0%
Figure 3-19: EOR’s Potential Recovery, Compared to Conventional Methods Based on 2009 Worldwide Proven Reserves (in barrels)
EOR Potential and Proven Oil Reserves, by Country
Figure 3-20: Potential EOR Production by Country Based on 2009 Proven Oil Reserves, 2009 (barrels, in billions)
Table 3-4: Potential Conventional Recovery and EOR Based on Proven Oil Reserves, by Country, 2009 (barrels, in billions)
Potential Reserves Estimated at 14.0 Trillion Barrels
Figure 3-21: Potential EOR Recovery, 2009 (in trillion barrels)
EOR Equipment & Components

Chapter 4: EOR Around the World
Use of EOR Worldwide
Saudi Arabia To Use CO2-EOR in World’s Largest Oil Field
Mature Oilfields in Russia Benefit from EOR
United States Favors CO2-EOR
BRIEF
Clean Coal Power Initiative
The Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration
EPA Proposes New Well Category and Regulations for EOR
UIC Under Safe Drinking Water Act
National Environmental Policy Act
Tax Credit for CO2-EOR Sequestration in U.S.
Iran Not Investing in EOR
China Has Huge EOR Potential
Brazil Discovers Large Offshore Oil Field
EOR in Mexico Has Helped to Slow Production Decline
Canada’s Alberta Oil Fields Especially Suited For CO2-EOR
Canada’s Energy and Utility Board
Alberta’s Oil & Gas Conservation Regulations
United Arab Emirates Major Expansion Program
EOR in Venezuela Has Potential to Add 40 Billion Barrels
EOR in Kuwait on Hold
Norway’s EOR Production All Offshore
Threats from Armed Rebels Slow Oil Production in Nigeria
Algeria to Claim Roughly 2.4% of EOR Market Share by 2015
Iraq Offers Production-Service Contracts to International Companies
Foreign Oil Companies Invest in Angola’s Oil Fields
Un-Sanctioned Libya Has Freedom to Move Forward
U.K. to Increase Productivity of Mature Fields Through EOR
Qatar Turns to EOR to Offset Anticipated Oil Declines
EOR May Save Oman’s Oil Production
Syria Testing Cyclic-Steam EOR

Chapter 5: Industry Advantages and Hurdles
EOR Market Affects Global Economy
Global Economy Influences EOR Growth
The Price of Oil Has Reigns on EOR Market
Figure 5-1: The Historical Price of Oil, Worldwide Average, 1980-2009 (in dollars per barrel)
Demand for Oil Increasing Worldwide
Table 5-1: Oil Consumption Compared to Production, Exports, and Imports, Selected Countries, 2008 (in millions of barrels per day)
China Soon to Lead World in Energy Consumption
Figure 5-2: Historical and Projected Energy Consumption, Selected Countries (in quadrillion BTUs, 1990-2030)
High Demand for Petroleum Products Worldwide
Stringent Regulations May Stifle EOR Growth
Some Say Up to 1.0 Trillion Barrels of Oil Yet Undiscovered
“Easy” Oil Becoming Scarce
Figure 5-3: Worldwide Oil Share, by Oil Type, 2010
Oily Sands a Hidden Gold Mine
Only About One Quarter of World’s Offshore Oil Produced
Potential CO2-EOR Sequestration Equals Nearly 130 Billion Tons
Figure 5-4: Anthropogenic Providers of CO2 for EOR Use, by Industry Type (Based on tons)
CO2 Industry Expanding Beyond EOR
Non-EOR Storage Options Available For CO2
Increase in CO2 Pipelines Create Market Stability
CO2 Producers Join Forces with EOR Industry
Enhanced Energy and Agrium Sign CO2 Agreement
Dow Chemical Provides CO2 to Denbury Onshore
Hunton’s Coke Gasification ‘Green’ Energy Plant to Deliver CO2
SaskPower to Provide CO2 for EOR Projects
Rancher Signs CO2 Agreement with ExxonMobil
Business Focuses on Developing and Marketing EOR Chemicals
Alternative Fuel Sources Become More Available
BioDiesel
Methanol
Corn Ethanol
Cellulosic Biofuels
Synthetic Fuels
Liquid Coal Fuel
BioFuel from Algae
Solar Powered Cars
Fuel from Clean Coal Technology
Funding for EOR R&D Fueling Market Growth
Canada’s Government Funds Alberta’s 240-Kilometer CO2 Pipeline
Canada Commits $3.4 Billion to Pengrowth’s CO2-EOR Project
Alberta Government Invests $271 Million in Gasification Project
United Kingdom Supporting Large Scale Demonstration in CCS
Increase in EOR Schemes Leads to Job Growth
Electric Cars Decrease Petroleum Demand
Rise of the Automobile in BRIC Countries
EOR Helps Foster Energy Independence in U.S
Material Costs of EOR Fluctuate Wildly
Figure 5-5: Average CO2 Capture Cost, by Source (in tons)
Primary Recovery Methods Become More Advanced
U.S. Oil Market Fears Obama’s Proposals
Commercial CCS in Coal Dependent Developing Countries
Some Countries Heavily Reliant on Money from Oil
Success Stories
DOE Sponsored Project Hits 1.0 Million-Ton Milestone for Injected CO2
Saskatchewan’s Largest Full Scale Study of CO2 Storage
CO2-EOR Established Practice in Texas for More than 35 Years
Wyoming’s Salt Creek Field Under CO2 Flood Since 1986
EOR Industry’s Growing Pains
Not All EOR Methods Suitable for All Oil Fields
EOR Often Has Slow Implementation Process
EOR Startup Costs Can Be High
EOR Not as Viable for Small Producers
EOR in Its Infancy: Unforeseen Hurdles Yet to Come
Pure CO2 from Natural Sources Scarce
CO2 Pipelines Can Be High Maintenance
Future Worth of CO2-EOR Sequestration Sites Should Not Be Overlooked
Natural Disasters Unavoidable
CO2 Can Be Corrosive to Pipes
Peak Oil – Reality Or Myth?

Chapter 6: Current Technological Advances
Industrial Emissions of CO2 for EOR: Gasification Technology
Clean Carbon Technology Cleans up Coal’s Dirty Reputation
MEOR Has Huge Potential, But Still Unreliable
4-D High Resolution Seismic Monitoring
3-D Seismic EOR Increases Production in SOME Wells
Horizontal Drilling Adds 11,000 BOPD to Rajasthan Barmer Field
Modifying CO2 Viscosity to Improve Reservoir Sweeps
BrightWater Reservoir Sweep Efficiency Technology
PetroLuxus Solution Offers “Green” Option for Oil Wells
Powerwave for Broader Distribution of CO2
Saudi Aramco Creating Microscopic Robots for EOR Monitoring
Canada’s Coal to Liquids CO2 Capture Project
Dragon Uses KEP’s Coriba Chemical Technology
Kansai-Mitsubishi Carbon Dioxide Recovery Process
Waterflood and Natural Gas in Alaska’s Prudhoe Bay
Acrylamide Demand in EOR Growing Nearly 5.0% Per Year
Environmentally Friendly EncapSol Nanotechnology
Conoco Investing $400,000/Year for Nanotechnology Research
Some Polymer Flooding Systems Increase Production by 40.0%
Research for EOR Surfactants Ongoing
Joint Implementation of Vapor Extraction
Wettability Alternation Phenomena

Chapter 7: Environmental Factors and Impact
Increase in Oil Production Will Lead to Increase in Emissions
Roughly 83% of GHG Emissions are from CO2
CO2 Emissions Worldwide
Figure 7-1: Worldwide CO2 Emissions, Selected Countries (Based on 2006 data, in megatons)
Historic Emissions of CO2
Table 7-1: Historic CO2 Emissions, Selected Oil Producing Countries (1990-2006, in million metric tons)
Projected Emissions of CO2
Figure 7-2: Projected CO2 Emissions, Selected Oil Producing Countries, 1990-2030 (in million tons)
Carbon Capture Storage and Reducing Greenhouse Gases
EPA Endangerment Finding in the United States a Threat to EOR
Scientists Aim to Debunk Global Warming
CO2 Leakage May Compromise Integrity of EOR Projects
Environmentalists On EOR Land Patrol
Greenpeace Focuses on Oilsands Mining
Monetary Benefits May Outweigh Environmental Impact For Some in Alaska
Environmentalists May Stifle EOR Progress

Chapter 8: Company Strategies
EOR Used Mostly By Majors
Saudi Arabian Oil Company
Table 8-1: Saudi Arabian Oil Company, Profile
Corporate Overview
Performance
Portfolio
EOR Developments
PetroChina Company Limited
Table 8-2: PetroChina Company Limited, Profile
Overview
Portfolio
Performance
EOR Developments
Exxon Mobil Corporation
Table 8-3: Exxon Mobil Corporation, Profile
Corporate Overview
Performance
Portfolio
EOR Developments
Chevron Corporation
Table 8-4: Chevron Corporation, Profile
Corporate Overview
Performance
Portfolio
EOR Developments
Royal Dutch Shell plc
Table 8-5: Royal Dutch Shell plc, Profile
Corporate Overview
Performance
Portfolio
EOR Developments
Cairn Energy PLC
Table 8-6: Cairn Energy PLC, Profile
Corporate Overview
Performance
Portfolio
EOR Developments
Penn West Energy Trust, Incorporated
Table 8-7: Penn West Energy Trust, Incorporated, Profile
Corporate Overview
Performance
Portfolio
EOR Developments
Statoil ASA
Table 8-8: Statoil ASA, Profile
Corporate Overview
Performance
Portfolio
EOR Developments
Enhance Energy, Incorporated
Table 8-9: Enhance Energy, Incorporated , Profile
Corporate Overview
Performance
Portfolio & EOR Developments

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